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Intermediate lines are the thinner, more common, lines between the index lines. This tells you the elevation above sea level.Ģ. Index lines are the thickest contour lines and are usually labeled with a number at one point along the line. There are 3 kinds of contour lines you’ll see on a map: intermediate, index, and supplementary.ġ. If each line represents an equal point of elevation, then any change in elevation would lead to inconsistent line spacing, right? For example, several contour lines spaced close together would indicate steep terrain, while lines spaced far apart would indicate a gentler slope.
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Contour lines, as we know them today, came into popular use in the mid-1800s along with the rise of resource extraction industries like mining and logging.Ī quick glance at a topographic map will give you a general idea of the landscape. It would be thousands of years before cartographers (map makers) could chart large areas of terrain with any real accuracy. The first known maps to include geographical features were found in Ancient Rome. Essentially, topographic maps represent the three-dimensional landscape of Earth within the two-dimensional space of a map. Topographic maps use a combination of colors, shading and contour lines to represent changes in elevation and terrain shape. A map with contour lines on it is called a topographic map. Topography is the study of geographical features on a landscape. Beyond backpacking and hiking, countless other professions use them - land surveyors, foresters, engineers, miners, geologists, hunters, to name a few. or lifesaving in a desperate survival situation.
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This information can be helpful when selecting a hiking route. If you trace the length of a line with your finger, each point you touch is the same height above sea level. If you were to walk the path of a contour line in real life, you would remain at the same elevation the whole hike, never traveling up or down.Ĭontour lines are critical to understanding the elevation profile of your terrain or a particular land formation. Put simply, contour lines mark points of equal elevation on a map. What are Contour Lines and Topographic Maps?Įver noticed those squiggly lines all over your hiking map? Other than the obvious trails and rivers, these squiggly lines are contour lines.
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Four morphological indices are found to be effective in resisting noise at low frequencies, typically at 50 Hz.Understanding contour line formations and how to read topographic maps. The noise resistance effects vary by different S-R distances and differ by frequency. Among the five indices, building orientation is found to be most effective in resisting the noise exposure of building façades, followed by the length and shape of the building. The results show that built environment morphology has considerable effects on resisting the noise exposure of buildings and can create a quiet façade with up to 13 dBA difference to the most exposure façade. Noise reduction levels of five morphological indices were given in terms of resisting wind turbine noise with different source-receiver (S-R) distances, and at different frequencies. Relationships between morphological indices and building façade exposures were examined through regression analyses. With the aim of exploring the noise-resisting effects of built environment morphology, three kinds of typical suburban areas in the UK were sampled and noise maps were generated based upon an idealised modern wind turbine placed at various setback distances from each site. With wind farms installed in urban and suburban areas, the noise exposure of buildings is affected both by distance attenuation and the morphology of the built environment.